1. Simple Past

A sentence in the simple-past form describes an event that occurred in the past:

“They agreed with us.”
“They did not agree with us.”
“Did they agree with us?”
Notice that in the first sentence, the verb form of drive is in past tense, but in the other examples, did does the heavy lifting of indicating the tense, so drive remains in present tense. In almost all other variations of past tense, the form of the verb “to be” and the participle retain the same form regardless of the type of sentence.

2. Past Progressive (or Past Continuous)

Past-progressive statements and questions describe something that began in the past and continued to occur for a time before stopping:
“They were agreeing with us.”
“They were not agreeing with us.”
“Were they agreeing with us?”

3. Past Perfect

This tense form applies to events that began at a time preceding a period in the past:
“They had agreed with us.”
“They had not agreed with us.”
“Had they agreed with us?”

4. Past Perfect Progressive (or Past Perfect Continuous)

Sentences with this tense form describe something that occurred in the past and continued to occur after the fact but in the present is no longer occurring:
“They had been agreeing with us.”
“They had not been agreeing with us.”
“Had they been agreeing with us?”

5. Past Habitual

A sentence written in past-habitual tense describes an occurrence that once occurred continuously or repeatedly:
“They used to agree with us.”
“They used to not agree with us.”
(This formal usage is awkward and seldom used; we are more likely to write, “They used to disagree with us.” An informal version of the sentence, more likely to be used if no direct antonym like disagree is available for a given sentence, is “They didn’t use to agree with us.”)
“Used they to agree with us?”
(This formal usage is rare. The informal form, much more common, is, “Did they use to agree with us?”)

6. Time-Specific Past Habitual

A variation of the past-habitual tense includes a specific time frame:
“Before, they would agree with us.”
“Before, they would not agree with us.”
“Before, would they agree with us?”

7. Past Intensive

A sentence in the past-intensive form describes something confirmed as having occurred:
“They did agree with us.”
“They did not agree with us.”
“Did they agree with us?”

8. Future in the Past

A future-in-the-past construction describes something that was supposed to have occurred after a time in the past:
“They were going to agree with us.”
“They were not going to agree with us.”
“Were they going to agree with us?”
Past Subjunctive
This form is not numbered, because it is not, despite its name, a type of past tense, but it is identified here to make that point. A sentence formed in the past subjunctive describes a counterfactual event:
“If they were going to agree with us, they would have told us by now.”
“If they were not going to agree with us, they would have told us by now.”
“If they were they going to agree with us, would they have told us by now?”

9. Past-Perfect Subjunctive

Sentences with this subjunctive form, by contrast, do have a past-tense sense:
“Had they agreed with us, they would have told us by now.”
“Had they not agreed with us, they would have told us by now.”
“Had they agreed with us, would they have told us by now?”

Gerunds

Gerunds

 Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnya swimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.

Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)

Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.

Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby).